This date in history

[HEADING=2]0454[/HEADING]
In Italy, Aetius, the supreme army commander, is murdered in Ravenna by Valentinian III, the emperor of the West.

[HEADING=2]1327[/HEADING]
Edward II of England is murdered by order of his wife.

[HEADING=2]1520[/HEADING]
Suleiman (the Magnificent), son of Selim, becomes Ottoman sultan in Constantinople.

[HEADING=2]1673[/HEADING]
James Needham returns to Virginia after exploring the land to the west, which would become Tennessee.

[HEADING=2]1863[/HEADING]
[Union troops]('http://historynet.wpengine.com/union-army') defeated at [Chickamauga]('http://historynet.wpengine.com/battle-of-chickamauga') seek refuge in [Chattanooga]('http://historynet.wpengine.com/battle-of-chattanooga'), Tennessee, which is then besieged by [Confederate troops]('http://historynet.wpengine.com/confederate-army').

[HEADING=3]1866[/HEADING]
H.G. Wells, science fiction writer whose works include The Time Machine, The Invisible Man and The War of the Worlds is born.

[HEADING=2]1915[/HEADING]
[Stonehenge]('http://historynet.wpengine.com/book-review-stonehenge-revealed-david-souden-bh.htm') is sold by auction for 6,600 pounds sterling ($11,500) to a Mr. Chubb, who buys it as a present for his wife. He presents it to the British nation three years later.

[HEADING=2]1929[/HEADING]
Fighting between China and the Soviet Union breaks out along the Manchurian border.

[HEADING=2]1937[/HEADING]
The women's airspeed record is set at 292 mph by American pilot Jacqueline Cochran.

[HEADING=2]1937[/HEADING]
J.R.R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Hobbit is published.

[HEADING=2]1941[/HEADING]
The German Army cuts off the Crimean Peninsula from the rest of the Soviet Union.
(& that leads to the current stand off we have today in the Ukraine)

[HEADING=2]1942[/HEADING]
British forces attack the Japanese in [Burma]('http://historynet.wpengine.com/burma-campaign-seizing-imphal-and-kohima-in-world-war-ii.htm').

[HEADING=3]1947[/HEADING]
Stephen King, author best known for supernatural and horror tales (The Stand, Salem's Lot, Joyland) is born.

[HEADING=2]1978[/HEADING]
Two Soviet cosmonauts set a space endurance record after 96 days in space.

[HEADING=2]1981[/HEADING]
Belize granted full independence from the United Kingdom.

[HEADING=2]1993[/HEADING]
The Russian constitutional crisis of 1993 begins when Russian President Boris Yeltsin suspends parliament and invalidates the existing constitution.

[HEADING=2]2003[/HEADING]
Galileo space mission ends as the probe is sent into Jupiter's atmosphere where it is crushed.

I often wonder how any records of any kind were preserved after Jesus Christ, amazing… cellfish…

I often wonder how any records of any kind were preserved after Jesus Christ, amazing… cellfish…

History based on written records appears quite late in human history. The first written records date back a little more than 5,000 years in Egypt and ancient Sumer. The earliest Sumerian records were made using reeds cut at an angle to make wedge-shaped (cuneiform) marks on clay, which was then baked hard.
[
[HEADING=2]Recordkeeping and History (article) | Khan Academy[/HEADING]]('https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/big-history-project/agriculture-civilization/first-cities-appear/a/recordkeeping-and-history#:~:text=History%20based%20on%20written%20records%20appears%20quite%20late%20in%20human,which%20was%20then%20baked%20hard.')

Catholic Church records of early saints is remarkable… cellfish…

[HEADING=3]0063[/HEADING]
Augustus Caesar, first Roman Emperor, who introduced Pax Romana, the era of peace is born.

[HEADING=2]1553[/HEADING]
The Sadians defeat the last of their enemies and establish themselves as rulers of Morocco.

[HEADING=2]1561[/HEADING]
[Philip II]('http://historynet.wpengine.com/mhq-review-imprudent-king-a-new-life-of-philip-ii-by-geoffrey-parker.htm') of Spain gives orders to halt colonizing efforts in Florida.

[HEADING=2]1577[/HEADING]
William of Orange makes his triumphant entry into Brussels, Belgium.

[HEADING=2]1667[/HEADING]
Slaves in Virginia are banned from obtaining their freedom by converting to Christianity.

[HEADING=2]1779[/HEADING]
The American navy under John Paul Jones, commanding from Bonhomme Richard, defeats and captures the British man-of-war Serapis.

[HEADING=2]1806[/HEADING]
The [Lewis and Clark Expedition]('http://historynet.wpengine.com/lewis-and-clark-expedition') arrives back in St. Louis just over three years after its departure.

[HEADING=2]1864[/HEADING]
Confederate and Union forces clash at Mount Jackson, [Front Royal]('http://historynet.wpengine.com/americas-civil-war-front-royal-was-the-key-to-the-shenandoah-valley.htm') and Woodstock in Virginia during the Valley campaign.

[HEADING=2]1911[/HEADING]
The Second International Aviation Meet opens in New York.

[HEADING=2]1912[/HEADING]
Mack Sennett's first "Keystone Cop" film debuts, Cohen Collects a Debt.

[HEADING=3]1930[/HEADING]
Ray Charles, rhythm 'n' blues piano player and singer is born.

[HEADING=2]1945[/HEADING]
The first American dies in Vietnam during the fall of Saigon to French forces.

[HEADING=3]1949[/HEADING]
Bruce "The Boss" Springsteen, singer, songwriter, musician ("Born to Run," "Born in the U.S.A"); his multiple awards include 20 Grammys, two Golden Globes, and an Oscar, the latter for "Streets of Philadelphia" (1994) is born.
[HEADING=2]1952[/HEADING]
[Richard Nixon]('http://historynet.wpengine.com/richard-nixon') responds to charges of a secret slush fund during his 'Checkers Speech.'

[HEADING=2]1954[/HEADING]
East German police arrest 400 citizens as U.S. spies.

[HEADING=3]1961[/HEADING]
William "Willie" McCool, American astronaut; among those killed when [Space Shuttle]('http://historynet.wpengine.com/space-shuttles.htm') Columbia disintegrates while reentering Earth's atmosphere (2003) is born.

[HEADING=2]1983[/HEADING]
Gulf Air Flight 771 from Karachi, Pakistan, to Abu Dhabi, UAE, bombed; all 117 aboard die.

[HEADING=2]1992[/HEADING]
Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) detonates 3,700-lb. bomb in Belfast, completely destroying the Northern Ireland forensic laboratory, injuring 20 people and damaging 700 houses.

[HEADING=2]2002[/HEADING]
The first public version of Mozilla Firefox browser released; originally called Phoenix 0.1 its name was changed due to trademark issues with Phoenix Technologies.

[HEADING=2]1263[/HEADING]
At Largs, King Alexander III of Scotland repels an amphibious invasion by King Haakon IV of Norway.

[HEADING=2]1535[/HEADING]
Having landed in Quebec a month ago, Jacques Cartier reaches a town, which he names Montreal.

[HEADING=3]1847[/HEADING]
Paul von Hindenburg, German Field Marshall during World War I and second president of the Weimar Republic is born.

[HEADING=3]1869[/HEADING]
Mahatma Mohandas Gandhi, political leader of India and pioneer of nonviolent activism is born.

[HEADING=2]1862[/HEADING]
An Army under Union General Joseph Hooker arrives in Bridgeport, Alabama to support the Union forces at Chattanooga. Chattanooga's Lookout Mountain provides a dramatic setting for the Civil War's battle above the clouds.

[HEADING=2]871[/HEADING]
Morman leader Brigham Young, 70, is arrested for polygamy. He was later convicted, but the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the conviction.

[HEADING=3]1890[/HEADING]
Julius Henry 'Groucho' Marx, comedian, one of the five Marx brothers (the others being Chico, Harpo, Zeppo and Gummo) is born.

[HEADING=3]1900[/HEADING]
William A. 'Bud' Abbot, comedian, the straight man to Lou Costello is born.

[HEADING=2]1909[/HEADING]
Orville Wright sets an altitude record, flying at 1,600 feet. This exceeded Hubert Latham's previous record of 508 feet.

[HEADING=2]1931[/HEADING]
Aerial circus star Clyde Pangborn and playboy Hugh Herndon, Jr. set off to complete the first nonstop flight across the Pacific Ocean from Misawa City, Japan.

[HEADING=2]1941[/HEADING]
The German army launches Operation Typhoon, the drive towards Moscow.

[HEADING=3]1945[/HEADING]
Don McLean, singer, songwriter guitarist, best known for "American Pie," his tribute to Buddy Holly and early rock 'n' roll is born.

[HEADING=3]1949[/HEADING]
Annie Leibovitz, photographer whose subjects include John Lennon and the Rolling Stones is born.

[HEADING=2]1950[/HEADING]
The comic strip Peanuts, by Charles M. Schultz, makes its first appearance in newspapers.

[HEADING=3]1951[/HEADING]
Sting (Gordon M.T. Sumner), singer, songwriter, musician, actor; lead singer and bass player for the band The Police before launching a successful solo career is born.

[HEADING=2]1959[/HEADING]
The groundbreaking TV series The Twilight Zone, hosted by Rod Serling, premiers on CBS.

[HEADING=2]1964[/HEADING]
Scientists announce findings that smoking can cause cancer.

[HEADING=2]1970[/HEADING]
A plane carrying the Wichita State University football team, staff, and supporters crashes in Colorado; 31 of the 40 people aboard die.

[HEADING=2]1980[/HEADING]
Congressional Representative Mike Myers is expelled from the US House for taking a bribe in the Abscam scandal, the first member to be expelled since 1861.

[HEADING=2]1990[/HEADING]
Flight 8301 of China's Xiamen Airlines is hijacked and crashed into Baiyun International Airport, hitting two other aircraft and killing 128 people.

[HEADING=2]2001[/HEADING]
NATO backs US military strikes in the wake of the September 11 terrorist attacks.

[HEADING=2]1777[/HEADING]
At Germantown, Pa., British General Sir William Howe repels George Washington's last attempt to retake Philadelphia, compelling Washington to spend the winter at Valley Forge.

[HEADING=2]1795[/HEADING]
General Napoleon Bonaparte leads the rout of counterrevolutionaries in the streets of Paris, beginning his rise to power.

[HEADING=2]1861[/HEADING]
The Union ship USS South Carolina captures two Confederate blockade runners outside of New Orleans, La.

[HEADING=2]1874[/HEADING]
Kiowa leader Satanta, known as "the Orator of the Plains," surrenders in Darlington, Texas. He is later sent to the state penitentiary, where he commits suicide October 11, 1878.

[HEADING=3]1895[/HEADING]
Buster (Joseph F.) Keaton, star of silent film comedies including Sherlock, Jr. and The General is born.

[HEADING=2]1905[/HEADING]
Orville Wright pilots the first flight longer than 30 minutes. The flight lasted 33 minutes, 17 seconds and covered 21 miles.

[HEADING=2]1914[/HEADING]
The first German Zeppelin raids London.

[HEADING=2]1927[/HEADING]
Gutzon Borglum begins sculpting the heads of 4 US presidents on Mount Rushmore.

[HEADING=2]1940[/HEADING]
Germany's Adolf Hitler and Italy's Benito Mussolini meet at the Brenner Pass.

[HEADING=2]1941[/HEADING]
Willie Gillis Jr., a fictional everyman created by illustrator Norman Rockwell, makes his first appearance, on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post; a series of illustrations on several magazines' covers would depict young Gillis throughout World War II.

[HEADING=2]1943[/HEADING]
US captures the Solomon Islands in the Pacific.

[HEADING=2]1957[/HEADING]
Sputnik 1, the first man-made satellite, is launched, beginning the "space race." The satellite, built by Valentin Glushko, weighed 184 pounds and was launched by a converted Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Sputnik orbited the earth every 96 minutes at a maximum height of 584 miles. In 1958, it reentered the earth's atmosphere and burned up.

[HEADING=2]1963[/HEADING]
Hurricane Flora storms through the Caribbean, killing 6,000 in Cuba and Haiti.

[HEADING=2]1965[/HEADING]
Pope Paul VI arrives in New York, the first Pope ever to visit the US and the Western hemisphere.

[HEADING=2]1972[/HEADING]
Judge John Sirca imposes a gag order on the Watergate break-in case.

[HEADING=2]1976[/HEADING]
In Gregg v. Georgia, the U.S. Supreme Court lifts the ban on the death sentence in murder cases. This restores the legality of capital punishment, which had not been practiced since 1967. The first execution following this ruling was Gary Gilmore in 1977.

[HEADING=3]1940[/HEADING]
John Lennon, musician, singer, songwriter; one of the Beatles ("Imagine," "Give Peace a Chance") is born.

[HEADING=3][MEDIA=youtube]0svrEpittNs[/MEDIA][/HEADING]

[Yoko Ono

@yokoono]('https://twitter.com/yokoono')

Happy Birthday John! Happy Birthday Sean! I love you! yoko [#HappyBirthdayJohnLennon]('https://twitter.com/hashtag/HappyBirthdayJohnLennon?src=hashtag_click')
[@johnlennon]('https://twitter.com/johnlennon')
[#HappyBirthdaySeanLennon]('https://twitter.com/hashtag/HappyBirthdaySeanLennon?src=hashtag_click')
[@seanonolennon]('https://twitter.com/seanonolennon')
[

[IMG alt="Image"]https://pbs.twimg.com/media/FBMpxU1XsAICa2-?format=jpg&name=small[/IMG]]('https://twitter.com/yokoono/status/1446739708239749120/photo/1')

[URL unfurl="true"]https://www.yahoo.com/finance/news/76-years-japan-aircraft-carriers-131200957.html[/URL]

by da end of WWII, United States ?? had +70 Carriers, Japan ?? less than 5, maybe zero I believe… cellfish…

[HEADING=2]1778[/HEADING]
Indians, led by William Butler, massacre the inhabitants of Cherry Valley, N.Y.

[HEADING=3]1821[/HEADING]
Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoyevsky, Russian novelist and political revolutionary (The Brothers Karamazov, Crime and Punishment) is born.

[HEADING=2]1831[/HEADING]
Nat Turner, a slave who led a revolt against slave owners, is hanged in Jerusalem, Virginia.

[HEADING=3]1885[/HEADING]
George S. Patton, U.S. Army commander in World War II is born.

[HEADING=2]1889[/HEADING]
Washington becomes the 42nd state of the Union.

[HEADING=2]1909[/HEADING]
Construction begins on the naval base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii.

[HEADING=2]1918[/HEADING]
The German leaders sign the armistice ending World War I.

[HEADING=2]1919[/HEADING]
The first two-minutes' silence is observed in Britain to commemorate those who died in the Great War.

[HEADING=2]1921[/HEADING]
The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at Arlington Cemetery is dedicated.

1922
Kurt Vonnegut, American novelist (Slaughterhouse Five) is born.
Loved his book Breakfast of Champions)

[HEADING=3]1925[/HEADING]
Jonathan Winters, comedian is born.

[HEADING=2]1933[/HEADING]
The first of the great dust storms of the 1930s hits North Dakota.

[HEADING=2]1938[/HEADING]
Irving Berlin's "God Bless America" is performed for the first time by singer Kate Smith.

[HEADING=2]1953[/HEADING]
The polio virus is identified and photographed for the first time in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

[HEADING=2]1966[/HEADING]
The United States launches Gemini 12, a two-man orbiter, into orbit.

[HEADING=2]1973[/HEADING]
Israel and Egypt sign a cease-fire.

[HEADING=2]1987[/HEADING]
An unidentified buyer buys Vincent Van Gogh's painting "Irises" from the estate of Joan Whitney Payson for $53.9 million at Sotheby's in New York.

[HEADING=2]2004[/HEADING]
Palestine Liberation organization confirms the death of its longtime chairman Yasser Arafat; cause of death has never been conclusively determined.

Nov.10,1975, 46yrs ago, the SS Edmund Fitzgerald sank in Lake Superior during a storm
John

[HEADING=2]1035[/HEADING]
King Canute of Norway dies.

[HEADING=2]1276[/HEADING]
Suspicious of the intentions of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd, the Prince of Wales, English King Edward I resolves to invade Wales.

[HEADING=2]1859[/HEADING]
The first flying-trapeze circus act is performed by Jules Leotard at the Circus Napoleon.

[HEADING=2]1863[/HEADING]
Confederate General James Longstreet arrives at Loudon, Tennessee, to assist the attack on Union General Ambrose Burnside's troops at Knoxville.

[HEADING=2]1867[/HEADING]
Mount Vesuvius erupts.

[HEADING=2]1903[/HEADING]
The Lebaudy brothers of France set an air-travel distance record of 34 miles in a dirigible.

[HEADING=2]1923[/HEADING]
Adolf Hitler is arrested for his attempted German coup.

[HEADING=2]1927[/HEADING]
Canada is admitted to the League of Nations.

[HEADING=2]1928[/HEADING]
The ocean liner Vestris sinks off the Virginia cape with 328 aboard, killing 111.

[HEADING=3]1929[/HEADING]
Grace Kelly, American actress and Princess of Monaco is born.

[HEADING=2]1938[/HEADING]
Mexico agrees to compensate the United States for land seizures.

[HEADING=2]1941[/HEADING]
Madame Lillian Evanti and Mary Cardwell Dawson establish the National Negro Opera Company.

[HEADING=2]1944[/HEADING]
U.S. fighters wipe out a Japanese convoy near Leyte, consisting of six destroyers, four transports and 8,000 troops.

[HEADING=2]1944[/HEADING]
The German battleship Tirpitz is sunk in a Norwegian fjord.

[HEADING=3]1945[/HEADING]
Neil Young, singer, songwriter, musician, producer; member of several well-known bands including Buffalo Springfield and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young is born.

[HEADING=2]1948[/HEADING]
Hikedi Tojo, Japanese prime minister, and seven others are sentenced to hang by an international tribunal.

[HEADING=2]1968[/HEADING]
The U.S. Supreme Court voids an Arkansas law banning the teaching of evolution in public schools.

[HEADING=3]1968[/HEADING]
Sammy Sosa, pro baseball player from Dominican Republic; only MLB player to hit 60 or more home runs in a single season three times, he was denied entry into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 2013 after as-yet unproven allegations he used performance-enhancing drugs is born.

[HEADING=2]1971[/HEADING]
President Richard Nixon announces the withdrawal of about 45,000 U.S. troops from Vietnam by February.

[HEADING=2]1987[/HEADING]
Boris Yeltsin is fired as head of Moscow's Communist Party for criticizing the slow pace of reform.

[HEADING=2]1990[/HEADING]
Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, a British computer scientist, publishes a formal proposal for the creation of the World Wide Web.
(so it wasn't Al Gore)

[HEADING=2]1996[/HEADING]
A Saudi Arabian Airlines Boeing 747 collides with a Kazakh Illyushin II-76 cargo plane near New Delhi, killing 349. It is the deadliest mid-air collision to date (2013) and third-deadliest aircraft accident.

[HEADING=2]1997[/HEADING]
Ramzi Yousef convicted of masterminding the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.

[HEADING=2]2003[/HEADING]
The first Italians to die in the Iraq War are among 23 fatalities from a suicide bomb attack on an Italian police base in Nasiriya, iraq.

[MEDIA=youtube]p5dI0er5WmM[/MEDIA],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[COLOR=rgb(26, 188, 156)] ><)))):>

[MEDIA=youtube]r-Fz1DAXug0[/MEDIA],,,,,,,,,[COLOR=rgb(26, 188, 156)] ><)))):>

“An army marches on its stomach,” Napoleon is supposed to have said. But unfortunately for the armies of his time, the food available to the stomachs of those hungry soldiers was neither appetizing nor nutritious--consisting primarily of hard bread and salted meat. Napoleon wanted to better feed his army, so he offered a prize of 12,000 francs to anyone who could invent a better way to store and preserve food.
The chef Nicolas Appert rose to the challenge. After years of trial and error he eventually perfected a method of putting food in jars and then submerging the jars in boiling water to preserve the food and seal the jars. In other words, he invented canning.
Appert won the prize and the fame that came with it. The process he invented is essentially the same process we still use today.
Appert is still celebrated and well-known in France (where "canning" is called "appertization"), but he has faded into obscurity in the rest of the world, despite being responsible for one of humanity's most important inventions.
Today is the birthday of Nicolas Appert. He was born on November 17, 1749.

A DAY LATE...SORRY NICKY

[MEDIA=youtube]BIugim_IGTQ[/MEDIA],,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,[COLOR=rgb(26, 188, 156)] ><)))):>